馬上又到2020年ACCA12月考季了，從歷年的備考過(guò)程中，有很多考生都對(duì)“Hofstede”這個(gè)考點(diǎn)概念感到費(fèi)解，12月份考試臨近，對(duì)此，會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)就跟大家詳細(xì)介紹關(guān)于“Hofstede”這個(gè)考點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。

　　首先，要明確一個(gè)大前提，Hofstede關(guān)注的是culture and nationality，也就是national culture國(guó)家文化對(duì)企業(yè)文化的影響。

　　其次，有四種文化類(lèi)型，每種文化類(lèi)型有兩個(gè)對(duì)立面：

　　1.Power distance 權(quán)力距離型，即社會(huì)中對(duì)于“權(quán)力分配不均等”的接受程度，或者說(shuō)，社會(huì)中權(quán)力分配的分散或集中程度。

　　(1)High power distance 對(duì)權(quán)力大小不均等的接受程度高，可以接受權(quán)力掌握在少數(shù)有才能的人手中，這就可以對(duì)應(yīng)centralisation集權(quán)的特點(diǎn)。For example：A Co. has a clear top-down chain of command, managers are autocratic and closely supervise employees.

　　(2)Low power distance 不能夠接受權(quán)力都集中在高層，對(duì)應(yīng)decentralisation分權(quán)的特點(diǎn)。For example：B Co. has a flat organisation structure and a high level of employee participation in decision-making.

　　2. Uncertainty avoidance 不確定性規(guī)避型，即對(duì)于風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和未知性的容忍程度。

　　High uncertainty avoidance 對(duì)不確定因素的規(guī)避程度高，即不喜歡一切不確定的因素。For example：C Co. has a strict task structure with written

　　(1)ules and regulations which are adhered to by all employees. Dissent is not tolerated.

　　(2)Low uncertainty avoidance 對(duì)不確定因素的規(guī)避程度低，即喜歡挑戰(zhàn)、創(chuàng)新、靈活的因素。For example：D Co. respects flexibility and creativity, more tolerance for deviance, risk and conflict.

　　2. Individualism 個(gè)人主義型，即傾向于以個(gè)人或集體來(lái)定義自己的程度。

　　(1)High individualism 獨(dú)行俠，喜歡一個(gè)人做事情，并且可以自己承擔(dān)責(zé)任和后果。For example：E Co. focuses on autonomy of its employees. Task achievement is seen as more important than working relationships. The company is impersonal and defends its business interests.

　　(2)Low individualism(Collectivism集體主義者)需要?jiǎng)e人的肯定，在乎人際關(guān)系。For example：F Co. focuses on interdependence and reciprocal obligation.

　　3. Masculinity 男性化特征，即社會(huì)成員對(duì)于“決斷力和物質(zhì)成功”或“感性和人際關(guān)系”的偏好程度。

　　(1)High masculinity 行為處事都符合男性化特征，自信、果斷、追求財(cái)富和成功。For example：Workers in G Co. are assertiveness, competition and decisiveness, desiring for material wealth and possessions.

　　(2) Low masculinity 行為處事都符合女性化特征Femininity，謙遜、溫柔、認(rèn)為人際關(guān)系比金錢(qián)更重要。For example：H Co. has a focus on good working relationships between employees and seeks consensus on all business decisions.

　　這里有一個(gè)需要同學(xué)們注意的地方!雖然low individualism 和low masculinity都認(rèn)為personal relationship更重要，但是不同的是前者更側(cè)重需要維護(hù)好社會(huì)人際關(guān)系，工作需要?jiǎng)e人的肯定;后者更側(cè)重不傷害別人的感情。

　　來(lái)源：ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫