在ACCA(F1)中有一個(gè)重要的部分叫做:Equal opportunities平等機(jī)會(huì)。平等機(jī)會(huì)指的就是對(duì)于不同宗教背景,種族背景,年齡,性別,性取向,健康和殘疾人都要提供平等公平的工作機(jī)會(huì)和待遇。其中最重要的就是消除歧視,實(shí)現(xiàn)平等機(jī)會(huì),今天會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)就跟大家講解這個(gè)考點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。
Types of discrimination歧視的種類分為以下幾種:
1. Direct discrimination 直接歧視
Direct discrimination occurs when one interested group is treated less favourably than another.由于性別,種族,國(guó)籍,宗教信仰,年齡的原因,一群人比另一群人更受歡迎。舉例:一則招聘啟示上寫:“只要白人”就是一種對(duì)種族的直接歧視;另一則招聘啟示上寫:“只要男人”就是對(duì)女性的直接歧視。
例題:
Which of the following would constitute direct discrimination?
A Setting age limits or ranges in an employment advertisement
B Offering less favourable terms to workers on flexible hours contracts
C Using word-of-mouth recruitment in a predominantly male workforce
(1 mark)
答案:A
解析:在退休年齡之前,所有人的工作機(jī)會(huì)都應(yīng)該是相等的,有的公司會(huì)寫只招25-30歲,這就是一種直接歧視,只想要青壯年,歧視其他年齡段的人。BC是歧視,只不過(guò)不是直接歧視,而是間接歧視。關(guān)于工作時(shí)間靈活性設(shè)置一些特定的條款是間接歧視了可工作時(shí)間不靈活的人,而只在男性市場(chǎng)招工也間接歧視了女性。
2. Indirect discrimination 間接歧視
Indirect discrimination occurs when a policy or practice is fair in form, but discriminatory in operation. 雖然使用了統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或者政策,但是實(shí)際操作起來(lái)是對(duì)某一群人不公平的。
舉例:招聘啟示上寫:“只要身高高于180的人”,雖然沒有直接說(shuō)明不要女性,但實(shí)際操作上,身高高于180的大多是男性,也就是不想要女性,屬于間接歧視。
例題:
A company has placed a job advertisement for a full time employee and a part time employee. The part time employee's terms are less favourable than the full-time employee's terms.
What type of discrimination is this?
A Direct discrimination
B Indirect discrimination
C Victimisation
答案:B
解析:給兼職員工的工資比全職低,實(shí)際上是歧視了女性,因?yàn)榕砸驗(yàn)檎疹櫦彝?,更多從事兼職工作。而廣告公開說(shuō)了兼職待遇差一些,但沒有直接說(shuō)明我要對(duì)女性待遇差一些,但其實(shí)實(shí)際上兼職工作女性做的比較多,這是間接歧視。
3. Victimisation 犧牲品
Victimisation occurs when a person is penalised for giving information or taking action in pursuit of a claim of discrimination. 當(dāng)你覺得你受到歧視的時(shí)候,去對(duì)公司進(jìn)行投訴,被公司得知后,給你穿小鞋?!皹尨虺鲱^鳥”。
舉例:公司知道你由于受到歧視起訴了公司,不讓你升職加薪,并且把你調(diào)到偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)。
4. Harassment 騷擾
Harassment is the use of threatening, intimidatory, offensive or abusive language or behaviour.包括身體上的和語(yǔ)言上的騷擾,威脅恐嚇,冒犯,或者讓人覺得不舒服的玩笑/行為/言語(yǔ)。
例題:
Members of a religious minority in a workplace are frequently subjected to jokes about their dress and dietary customs, and a bit of name-calling, by non-religious workmates. They find this offensive and hurtful – even though their colleagues say it is 'just a bit of fun'.
What type of discrimination (if any) would this represent?
A Victimisation
B Indirect discrimination
C Harassment
(1 mark)
答案:C
解析:Harassment是騷擾,比如威脅恐嚇,冒犯,或者讓人覺得不舒服的玩笑/行為/言語(yǔ)。
5. Positive discrimination 正面的歧視/積極的歧視
Actions which give preference to a protected people regardless of genuine suitability and qualification for the job. 偏向小眾群體,弱勢(shì)群體,給他們更多的好處,使他們處于比正常者更好的待遇。這就對(duì)大多數(shù)人來(lái)說(shuō)是不公平的。也是不好的,是歧視的一種。
舉例:一個(gè)公司招聘只要disabled persons,其他人不要。
例題:
Which of the following is an example of 'positive discrimination' rather than 'positive action' on equal opportunities?
A Selecting a certain number of people from ethnic minorities for jobs, regardless of job-relevant selection criteria
B Using ethnic languages in job advertisements
C Setting targets for the number of people from ethnic minorities that the organisation would like to see in managerial positions
(1 mark)
答案:A
解析:不考慮與工作相關(guān)的崗位要求,從少數(shù)民族中選出一部分人上崗,完全沒有給其他人機(jī)會(huì),這屬于偏向小眾群體,屬于正面的歧視。
補(bǔ)充知識(shí):
Positive action:為減少歧視而進(jìn)行的action。比如:幫助弱勢(shì)群體,給他們同樣的面試機(jī)會(huì),而不是把他們拒之門外。這是一種好的action,要區(qū)別于positive discrimination。
來(lái)源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫